Inadvertent escalation: conventional war and nuclear risks

Limited War and Nuclear Escalation in South Asia

Lieutenant General V.R. Raghavan was India’s Director General of Military Operations from 1992 to 1994. He is currently a Director at the Dehli Policy Group. Raghavan is the author of a number of books and articles, including India’s Search for Strategic Balance (Dehli Policy Group, 1996). This paper was written while the author was a visiting fellow at the Center for International Security and...

Inadvertent transgenesis by conventional ICSI in mice.

BACKGROUND ICSI is a relatively new treatment for human male-related infertility, as well as an efficient method for the production of transgenic animals by injecting into the oocyte sperm previously incubated with foreign DNA. As semen samples collected in human infertility clinics are frequently contaminated with bacteria, one risk associated with the ICSI procedure is the injection of foreig...

Escalation and the Nuclear Option

Environmental consequences of nuclear war

groups made valuable contributions to elaborating the consequences of nuclear warfare.1 Paul Crutzen and John Birks proposed that massive fires and smoke emissions in the lower atmosphere after a global nuclear exchange would create severe short-term environmental aftereffects. Extending their work, two of us (Toon and Turco) and colleagues discovered “nuclear winter,” which posited that worldw...

Worldwide Effects of Nuclear War